Friday 11 October 2013

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Some useful information of important substances

                                  Densities of solid and liquid 
         
       Solid
     Density
        Liquid
       Density
Cork
0.2 to 0.3
Water (at 4◦C)
1.00
Glass
2.4 to 2.6
Milk
1.85
Marble
2.5 to 2.8
Kerosene oil
0.81
Iron
7.2
Petrol
0.7—0.8
Gold
19.2
Turpentine oil
0.87
Ice
0.92
Glycerin
1.26
Nickel
8.9
Benzene
0.85
Tin
7.3
Sulphuric acid
1.3
Brass
8.1 to 8.5
Mercury (at 0◦C)8
13.6
Aluminium
2.7
Sea water
1.03—1.05
Lead
11.3
Ethanol
0.81
Silver
10.5


Copper
9.2


Pinewood
0.4—0.7


Oakwood
0.6—0.9


Balsawood
0.15


Ice at 0◦C
0.92



                 Approximate Co—Efficient of sliding friction
Objective (Dry  surface)
Co—efficient of friction
Between wood and wood
0.25—0.5
Between wood and stone
0.4
Between metal and metal
0.2
Between wood and leather
0.4
Between ice and ice
0.028
Rubber tyres on hard road
0.5—0.7

               Specific Heat Capacity of Some Substances
   Substance
Jol per K per kg
    Substance
Jol per K per kg
Water
4200
Copper
385
Ethanol
2500
Aluminium
913
Turpentine oil
1760
Lead
126
Hydrogen
14300
Iron
106
Air
993
Steel
420
Helium
5240
Granite
820
Oxygen
913
Marble
900
Carbon dioxide
1000
Concrete
3350

Latent heat of fusion of some substance
    Substance
Jol per g per K
Water
3350
Aluminium
390
Iron
270
Copper
210
Mercury
1.3

Latent heat of vapourization of some substance
   Substance
Jol per g per K
Water
2260
Ethanol
850
Ether
350
Turpentine
270

Fractional distillation of petroleum

         Name
     Composition
    Boiling range
         Uses



Petroleum Gas

        

          C1 to C4             



  Up to 25◦C

As a fuel, as such in the form of LPG used for the production of carbon black (needed in tyre industry) and hydrogen gas (needed to form NH3 used to manufacture fertilizer).

Petroleum Ether

         C5 to C7

  30 to 80◦C
Used as laboratory solvent and for dry cleaning purposes .


Gasoline or Petrol


        C7 to C10


 80 to 170◦C
Used as fuel in motorcycle motor cars and other light vehicles.It is more volatile then Kerosene oil.It is also used for dry cleaning.

Kerosene oil

       C10 to C12

 170 to 250◦C
Used as domestic fuel, a special grade of it is used as jet fuel.

Diesel oil
 
       C13 to C15

 250 to 350◦C
Fuel for buses, trucks railway engines, tubewell engines and other heavy vehicles.

Fuel oil

       C15 to C18

 350 to 400◦C
Used in ships and industries to heat boilers and furnaces.